Agriculture disaster and Various type of agriculture disaster

 Agriculture disaster 

Agriculture is the one most common sector that is affected by various disaster such as cyclones, 

floods and droughts.resulting in disruption of people's livelihood and adding to the risk, damage 

and stress of disasters as a substantial part of the population depends on agriculture for its livelihood.

Firstly we have to know about What is disaster?

A sudden accident or a natural catastrophe that causes great damage, causes human, material, and economic or environmental losses. 

Now we will discuss about Agriculture disaster, firstly know that that What is agriculture disaster?

A sudden and destructive change in the environment either affecting or caused by land cultivation or the raising of crops or livestock. in developing countries the agriculture sector absorbs 23 percent of the total damage and losses.

Type of Agriculture disaster that affect land and livelihood these are:-

• Droughts
• Floods
• Earthquake
• Cyclone
• pest and disease

1. Drought

A drought is defined as "a period of abnormally dry weather sufficiently prolonged for the lack of water to cause serious hydrologic imbalance in the affected area. only 19% damages is recorded in the agriculture sector.

Drought continues to challenge agricultural systems across Africa. The extreme vulnerability to rainfall variability in the arid and semi-arid areas of the continent and the poor capacity of many soils to retain moisture result in an often devastating impact on the sector. 

Karnataka is the one of the most drought affected state in the India. Cereals and oilseed crops are most affected crops due to drought. Drought increase the attack of the pest in the field and reduce the yield. due to drought it leeds to reduced the soil moisture and nutrients in the soil.

2. Floods

A flood is an overflow of water that submerges land that is usually dry. In the sense of "flowing water", the word may also be applied to the inflow of the tide.

Floods cause damage to standing agricultural crops and can also drain away the top soil that makes the land barren. Floods cause damage to all fixed assets that are submerged in flood waters. Any other property that cannot be removed to safe places during floods is also damaged. When storms are sudden and widespread, the damage is greater due to the difficulty of removing property to safer places. In such cases people may also be unable to go to safe places and drown.

3. Earthquake

An earthquake is the shaking of the surface of the Earth resulting from a sudden release of energy in the Earth's lithosphere that creates seismic waves.

Earthquakes sometimes trigger tsunamis, landslides and occasionally volcanic activity. Earthquakes impact on food security and agriculture-based livelihoods through: loss and injury of family members and workforce. loss of crop yields and livestock,damage to irrigation systems damage to people’s homes, animal shelters, stock areas and business premises.

4. Cyclone

Cyclones are powerful storms that have winds in excess of 119 kilometres per hour (74 MPH). These wind storms can develop either as a result of a confluence of warm and cold winds over the ocean following a thunderstorm or when differing areas of wind pressure conflict.

Cyclones in coastal areas severely affect all these components of agriculture sector through direct damage by high speed wind, torrential rain and extensive flooding. High tide may bring in saline water and sand mass making the fields unsuitable for agriculture.

5 Pest and disease 

 Pests and diseases can spread rapidly, regardless of national boundaries, with periodic outbreaks that can have disastrous consequences for crops, forests and livestock. The most dangerous plant pests are locusts and other types of grasshopper, armyworm and birds.

plant pests and diseases can easily spread to several countries and reach epidemic proportions. Outbreaks and upsurges can cause huge losses to crops and pastures, threatening the livelihoods of vulnerable farmers and the food and nutrition security of millions at a time.

Locusts, armyworm, fruit flies, banana diseases, cassava diseases and wheat rusts are among the most destructive transboundary plant pests and diseases. Plant pests and diseases spread in three principal ways:

• trade or other human-migrated movement
• environmental forces – weather and wind borne
• insect or other vector-borne – pathogens

Apple: disease , Identifying fungal disease of apple,

In this blog we are gone discussed about fungal disease firstly 

What is fungal disease?

Fungi constitute the largest number of plant pathogens and are responsible for a range of serious plant diseases. They damage plants by killing cells and/or causing plant stress.  Sources of fungal infections are infected seed, soil, crop debris, nearby crops and weeds.

Disease fungi take their energy from the plants on which they live. They are responsible for a great deal of damage and are characterized by wilting, scabs, moldy coatings, rusts, blotches and rotted tissue.

Major fungal disease of apple :-

The various fungal disease of apple are as follow :-

•      COMMON NAME                       SCIENTIFIC NAME

•     Anthracnose canker                        Cryptosporiopsis curvispora
•     Apple scab                                      Venturia inaequalis 
•     Black root rot                                  Xylaria polymorpha
•     Blue mold                                        Penicillium expansum
•     Diaporthe canker                             Phomopsis tanakae
•     Powdery mildew                             Podosphora leucotricha
•     Side rot                                            Phialophora malorum

 1. Anthracnose canker 

Infection from the anthracanose fungus apppea in the fall as small circular reddish or purple spots that become elliptical and sunken the following spring. The disease causes serious losses tio young shoot, flower and fruit. mainly it attack on the fruits. It also affects fruits during storage. It attack plants in the spring when the weather is cool and wet, primarily on leaves and twigs. The fungi overwinter in dead twigs and fallen leaves. Cool, rainy weather creates perfect conditions for the spores to spread.

Signs of identifying disease

• low fruit yield
• fruit fall
• flower dried and fall over
• chlorotic leaves
• stunted growth
• limb dieback from tips

2.  Apple scab 

lesiondeveloped on the both side of leaves, usually developing on the lower side. Leaves  that are heavily infected with scab will curl, shrivel and fall from the tree. The favourable condition of the apple scab is april to july because of the highly fluctuation in temperature i.e some time their is rain and some time is hot and vice versa . in this fluctutation temp it will grow fastely.

Sign of apple scab:-

•  twisted and puckered leaves that have black,
• circular scabby spots on the underside
• the upper surface the spots look velvety and have an olive-green, 
• As they age, leaf spots turn dark brown to black.
• leaf become dried and fall out 
• appear brown spot on the fruits

3.     Black root rot 

Black root rot is also called ded man's fingers or Xylaris root rot,is occasionally oberserved on mature apple and cherry trees. Although tress of al ages can be infected, most trees that die from black root rot are at least 10 year old. Black root rot is caused by two species of the fungus. Cankers often remain small and superficial but sometimes enlarge up to 50 cm in length along the infected limb, killing and cracking  the bark.the lesion eventually enlarges into a light or tan brown rot with concentric dark and light ring.

Sign of black root rot

• light brown patches at leaf margin.
• leaf become dried and fall .
• dark black lesion occure on the fruit.
• spread from one tissue to the other tissue.
• stunted growth of fruit and leaves.

4.  Blue mold

The lesion may be covered by bluish-green spores that intially are bnearly snow white in colour. In cold storage lesion expand 2.5-3.8 cm in diameter after 8-10 weeks after infection. Blue mold is the post harvest disease and most important disease all over the world.

Sign

• dark brown lesion are appear in the fruit
• this disease spread mainly in the storage
• the foul smell in the fruit starts
• lower yield

5. Powdery mildew 

White powdery spores develop mostly on the upper leaf surface. Young leaves turn pale whitish - grey- green. The ends of mildewed leaves can twist and curl upward. Leaves become narrow, brittle, curled and covered with a white powdery layer. Flowers might be stunted and fail to develop.

Sign

• powdery mildew may be found on buds, blossoms, leaves, twigs, and fruit.
• Stunt the growth of tress.
• white powdery spore are formed  on upper leaf surface.
• leaves become dry.
• lower yield.
• also affect the storage of the apple.

6.  Side rot

Side rot occurs only on fruit. Cankers can form on twigs, but they are rare. The fungus is one of the few fruit rot organisms that can penetrate the unbroken skin of the fruit. Maturity of the fruit, temperature, humidity, and presence of disease are factors that determine when the disease manifests. Soft rot typically manifests in July and August and fruit susceptibility increases as it begins to mature.

Sign

•  Rot begins on the tuber surface and progresses inward.
• Symptoms of soft rot include soft, wet, rotted, tan or cream-colored tissues.
• Shallow necrotic spots on the tubers result from infections through lenticels.
• rust appearance in the fruit
• lower yield
• The foul smell in fruit start.

Must visit 👇👇👇

• Fact of lonar lake
• Know about soil texture
  

     

Know about soil texture

1. What is texture of soil ?
2. What are textural classes of soil ?
3. What are the component used to make top soil ?

1. What is texture of soil ?

    Soil texture is the composition of Sand, silt and clay size particles. where clay particles are small in size ,silt particles are medium and sand particles are large in size. Classification of soil is also done on the basis of soil texture. There are two method of classification of soil. One is simple by rubbing with two finger and another is done in scientific way in lab with the help of different instrument. The obtain information are plotted in soil textural triangle. After reading these the obtain results from triangle we can classify the the soil texture.

                 Soil textural triangle

2. What are textural classes of soil ?

Some classes of soil are listed below:

• Sand
• Loamy sand
• Sandy loam
• Sandy clay loam
• Sandy clay
• Clay
• Clay loam
• Loam
• Silt loam
• Silt
• Silty clay loam
• Silt clay        

3. What are the component used to make top soil ?

Some components which are use to make top soil are listed below:

• Organic matter
• Inorganic matter
• Water
• Air
• Minerals

Top soil are full of humus and good for growing any crops.The formation of top soil may take place due to soil erosion or by the decomposition of sedimentary sands.

                          👉👉     pink water colour of lonar lake   👈👈

लोनारको गुलाबी पानी रंग

१  किन लोणार तालको पानीले आफ्नो रंग परिवर्तन गर्‍यो?

              

         विज्ञका अनुसार लोणार तालको पानीको र changing परिवर्तन गर्नुको मुख्य कारण पानीको शरीरमा शैवालको उपस्थिति र पानीको नुनको गुणधर्म हो।  पानीको र color परिवर्तनको यो पहिलो केस होइन।  त्यहाँ अन्य धेरै तालहरू छन् जुन त्यहाँ र color परिवर्तन गर्दछ।  केही तालहरूले पानीको शरीरमा सूर्यको प्रकाशको सम्बन्धमा आफ्नो रंग परिवर्तन गर्दछ।  मौसम, मौसमको सम्बन्धमा केहि परिवर्तनहरू।

 २. लोणार ताल कहिले र कसरी स्थापना भयो?

          

          बुलढाणा जिल्लामा अवस्थित चन्द्र ताल लगभग 52२,००० वर्ष अघि गठन गरिएको थियो।  विज्ञका अनुसार यस ताललाई एउटा उल्का पिण्डले पृथ्वीमा हिर्काएर गठन गरेको थियो।  यो ग्रहमा सबैभन्दा ठूलो बेसाल्टिक प्रभाव क्रेटर हो।

३. Chandra. चन्द्र ताललाई भारतको गुलाबी ताल किन भनिन्छ?

  पा शरीरमा शैवाल र खारापनको कारण चन्द्र तालको र pink गुलाबी हुन्छ।

४. चन्द्र तालको पीएच भनेको के हो?

 चंद्र तालको पीएच १०..5 छ।

लोनार का गुलाबी पानी का रंग

१. लोनार झील के पानी ने अपना रंग क्यों बदला है?

     

     विशेषज्ञ के अनुसार लोनार झील के पानी के रंग को बदलने के पीछे का कारण जल शरीर में शैवाल की उपस्थिति और पानी की लवणता गुण है।  पानी का रंग बदलने का यह पहला मामला नहीं है।  कई अन्य झीलें हैं जो वहां रंग बदलती हैं।  कुछ झीलें पानी के शरीर पर सूरज की रोशनी के संबंध में अपना रंग बदलती हैं।  मौसम, जलवायु के संबंध में कुछ परिवर्तन।

2. लोनार झील का निर्माण कब और कैसे हुआ?

        बुलढाणा जिले में स्थित चंद्र झील का निर्माण लगभग 52,000 साल पहले हुआ था।  विशेषज्ञ के अनुसार इस झील का निर्माण पृथ्वी पर उल्कापिंड के टकराने से हुआ था।  यह ग्रह पर सबसे बड़ा बेसाल्टिक प्रभाव गड्ढा है।

3. चंद्र झील को भारत की गुलाबी झील क्यों कहा जाता है?

          पानी के शरीर में शैवाल और लवणता की उपस्थिति के कारण चंद्र झील का रंग गुलाबी है।

4. चंद्र झील का पीएच क्या है?

 चंद्र झील का पीएच 10.5 है।

लोणार तालको तथ्य

लोणार ताल

    थाहा पाउनुहोस्  किन यो लोणार ताल यस लक-डाउनमा धेरै प्रख्यात भइरहेको छ।

यो कस्तो प्रकारको ताल हो?

यो ताल कहाँ उपयुक्त छ?

लोणार भन्ने ताल भारतको बुलढाणा जिल्लाको लोणारमा अवस्थित छ।  यो विश्वास गरिन्छ कि लोन्नर ताल ले पृथ्वी संग क्षुद्रग्रह टकराव द्वारा गठन गरिएको थियो।  हामी यसलाई क्रेटर लेक भन्न सक्छौं।

कुन भारतीय संस्थानहरू लोणार तालमा सर्वेक्षण गर्दैछन्?

स्मिथसोनियन सोसाइटी, युनाइटेडका अनुसार भूगर्भीय सर्वेक्षण, सागर विश्वविद्यालय र भौतिक अनुसंधान प्रयोगशालाले तालको विस्तृत अध्ययन गरेको छ।

जैविक नाइट्रोजन फिक्सेशन २०० lake मा यस तालमा पत्ता लगाइएको थियो।  आईआईटी बम्बईले हालै गरेको एउटा अध्ययनले पत्ता लगायो कि तालको माटोमा रहेको खनिज अपोलो कार्यक्रमको समयमा फिर्ता ल्याइएको चन्द्र चट्टानमा फेला परेको खनिजसँग मिल्दोजुल्दो छ।

यस तालको भौगोलिक सुविधा

ताल पहाडहरूले घेरिएको छ जसको गोलाकार आकार 8 किलोमिटर (पाँच मील) परिधि सहित गोलो छ।  पक्षमा निर्भर गर्दछ, तालको परिधि about.8 किलोमिटर (तीन माईल) छ।  वरपरको रूख साभन्नाले ढाकिएको छ।  तालमा, गैर-नेटिभ प्रोसोपिस जुलिफ्लोरा फैलदैछ।  मकै, कोदो, भिंडी, केरा र पपीया मुख्य खेती गरिएको बाली हुन्।

तालको पानीमा विभिन्न लवण र सोडाहरू छन्।  सुख्खा मौसममा, जब वाष्पीकरणले पानीको स्तर कम गर्दछ, सोडा ठूलो मात्रामा स is्कलन गरिन्छ।  पूरना र पेनगanga्गा नामका दुईवटा साना नदीहरू तालमा बग्छन् र ताजा पानीको कुवा पानीको किनारमा छेउमा खस्दछ।

लोनार झील का तथ्य

लोनार झील

आइए जानते हैं कि इस तालाबंदी में लोनार झील बहुत प्रसिद्ध क्यों है।

यह किस तरह की झील है?

यह झील कहां अनुकूल है?

लोणार नामक झील भारत में बुलढाणा जिले के लोनार में स्थित है।  ऐसी धारणा है कि लोनार झील का निर्माण पृथ्वी के साथ क्षुद्रग्रह की टक्कर से हुआ था।  इसे हम क्रेटर लेक कह सकते हैं।

लोनार झील पर कौन से भारतीय संस्थान सर्वेक्षण कर रहे हैं?

स्मिथसोनियन संस्था, यूनाइटेड ने कहा कि भूवैज्ञानिक सर्वेक्षण, सागर विश्वविद्यालय और भौतिक अनुसंधान प्रयोगशाला ने झील का व्यापक अध्ययन किया है।

2007 में इस झील में जैविक नाइट्रोजन फिक्सेशन की खोज की गई थी। आईआईटी बॉम्बे द्वारा किए गए एक हालिया अध्ययन में पाया गया कि झील की मिट्टी में खनिज, अपोलो कार्यक्रम के दौरान वापस लाए गए चंद्रमा की चट्टानों में पाए जाने वाले खनिजों के समान है।

इस झील की भूवैज्ञानिक विशेषता

यह झील पहाड़ियों से घिरी हुई है जिसका अंडाकार आकार है, लगभग 8 किमी (पांच मील) के ऊपर एक परिधि के साथ गोल है।  पक्षों के आधार पर, झील में लगभग 4.8 किमी (तीन मील) की परिधि है।  आसपास पेड़-सवाना से आच्छादित हैं।  झील के किनारे, गैर-देशी प्रोसोपिस जूलीफ्लोरा फैल रहा है।  मक्का, बाजरा, ओकरा, केला और पपीता मुख्य खेती वाली फसलें हैं।

झील के पानी में विभिन्न लवण और सोडा होते हैं।  शुष्क मौसम के दौरान, जब वाष्पीकरण जल स्तर को कम करता है, तो बड़ी मात्रा में सोडा एकत्र किया जाता है।  दो छोटी धाराएं, जिनका नाम पूर्णा और पेंगंगा है, झील में बहती है, और ताजे पानी का एक कुआं पानी के किनारे के करीब, खट्टे तरफ स्थित है।

 

Pink water colour of Lonar lake

1. Why the water of lonar lake has change its color? 

       According to expert the reason behind changing the water color of lonar lake is the presence of algae in water body and salinity property of water. This is not the first case of changing the color of water . There are many other lake which change there color. some lake change their color with respect to sunlight fall on water body. some change with respect to weather, climate.

2. When and how lonar lake was formed?

       The lunar lake situated in buldhana district was formed around 52,000 years ago. According to expert this lake was formed by the collision of meteorite on the earth. It is the largest basaltic impact crater on the planet. 

3.Why lunar lake is called as a pink lake of India?

      The color of lunar lake is pink in color due to the presence of algae and salinity in water body.

4. What is the pH of lunar lake?

The pH of lunar lake is 10.5.

Fact of Lonar lake

Lonar Lake 

     Lets know why this Lonar lake is being very famous in this lock-down. What kind of lake is this?

Where is this lake suited ?

  The Lake called Lonar is in India Located at Lonar in Buldhana district, Maharashtra.  There is assumption that Lonar Lake was formed by the collision of asteroid with earth . We can say it Crater Lake. 

Which Indian Institution are doing survey on Lonar Lake ?

The Smithsonian institution, the United stated Geological Survey of India, the University of sagar and Physical research Laboratory has conducted extensive studies of Lake. Biological Nitrogen Fixation was discovered in this lake in 2007. A recent study, conducted by IIT Bombay found that the mineral in the lake soil, are very similar to the minerals found in moon rocks brought back during the apollo program.

Geological Feature of this lake

This lake is surrounded by hills which has an oval shape, almost round with a circumference at top of  about 8 km (five miles). At the base of the sides, the lake has circumference of about 4.8 km (three miles). The surrounding are cover with trees-savannah. Along the Lake shore, non- native prosopis juliflora is spreading. Maize, Millet ,Okra, Banana and Papaya are the main cultivated crops.

The water of the lake contains various salts and sodas. During dry weather, when evaporation reduce the water level, large quantities of soda are collected. Two small streams, named purna and penganga, drain into lake, and a well of fresh water is located on the sourthern side, close to water edge.